Science & Technology

1.1 Physics

Units & measurements, motion, force, electricity, magnetism, light, sound, heat, thermodynamics, universe basics (Big Bang theory, stars, solar system), and fundamental forces of nature.

1.2 Chemistry

Atomic structure, elements, compounds, mixtures, chemical reactions, acids, bases, salts, and the chemistry of materials in daily life.

1.3 Biology

Cell structure & functions, genetics, human physiology (digestive, respiratory, nervous, immune systems), plant physiology, and classification of living organisms.

2.1 Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

Computers, IT sector in India, e-governance initiatives, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, blockchain, quantum computing, 5G–6G technologies.

2.2 Space Technology

ISRO missions (Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan, Aditya-L1), remote sensing, satellite communication, launch vehicles (PSLV, GSLV), and national space policy.

2.3 Biotechnology & Health

Genetic engineering (CRISPR), GM crops, DNA technologies, stem cell research, vaccines, communicable & non-communicable diseases, and public health innovations.

2.4 Nanotechnology & Robotics

Basics and applications in medicine, defence, agriculture, electronics; ethical and societal concerns of nanotech & robotics.

2.5 Defence Technology

Indian missile systems (Agni, BrahMos), DRDO projects, stealth technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and cyber defence capabilities.

2.6 Nuclear Technology

India’s nuclear power policy, types of reactors, nuclear waste management, and impacts of nuclear radiation.

2.7 Renewable & Clean Energy

Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, hydrogen fuel cells; major government programs like National Green Hydrogen Mission.

2.8 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Patents, copyrights, trademarks, GI tags; Indian and global frameworks including TRIPS Agreement.

2.9 Achievements of Indians

Major contributions by Indian scientists, research institutions, and innovations across science & technology sectors.