Constitutional Framework & Basic Concepts
1.1 Historical Background & Making of the Constitution
Evolution of the Indian Constitution influenced by various colonial acts, especially the Government of India Act, 1935.
Role of the Drafting Committee under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and key contributors.
1.2 Salient Features
Federal system with unitary bias, parliamentary democracy, independent judiciary, secularism, and constitutional supremacy.
1.3 Preamble, Parts, Articles & Schedules
Understanding the Preamble, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules, and key Articles frequently in news.
1.4 Citizenship
Articles 5–11, Citizenship Act 1955, concepts of OCI/PIO, and updates including CAA.
1.5 Fundamental Rights
Articles 12–35, types of writs, enforcement of rights, and important Supreme Court judgments.
1.6 Directive Principles of State Policy
Gandhian, Socialist & Liberal principles; relationship and conflict between FRs & DPSPs.
1.7 Fundamental Duties
Article 51A, Swaran Singh Committee recommendations, and legal status of duties.
1.8 Federalism & Centre–State Relations
Legislative, administrative & financial relations; bodies like Inter-State Council & Zonal Councils.
1.9 Emergency Provisions
National, State & Financial emergencies and their impact on governance and FRs.
1.10 Basic Structure Doctrine
Kesavananda Bharati case and doctrines like pith & substance, harmonious construction, and eclipse.
Structure & Functioning of Government
2.1 Union Executive
President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General — roles & powers.
2.2 Parliament
Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha: composition, powers, and parliamentary procedures like Question Hour & Zero Hour.
Anti-defection law (10th Schedule) and Parliamentary Committees.
2.3 State Government
Governor, Chief Minister, State Council of Ministers, and state legislatures (unicameral & bicameral).
2.4 Judiciary
Supreme Court & High Courts: jurisdiction, powers, judicial review, PILs, and judge appointments.
2.5 Local Government
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) & Municipalities under the 73rd & 74th Amendments.
PESA Act and strengthening local governance.