Institutional Mechanisms
1.1 Ministries & Constituent Departments
Responsible for policy formulation, rules, regulations, implementation, and monitoring of government programs.
Manage public funds, coordinate inter-departmental functions, and provide specialized services (e.g., IMD under Ministry of Earth Sciences).
1.2 Constitutional Bodies
Election Commission of India (ECI) – Conducts free and fair elections.
CAG – Audits public expenditure.
UPSC – Conducts recruitment to civil services.
National Commissions for SCs, STs, and Backward Classes monitor safeguards.
1.3 Statutory & Regulatory Bodies
NITI Aayog – Policy think tank replacing Planning Commission.
NHRC, CIC, CVC, Lokpal – Ensure transparency, vigilance, and grievance redressal.
1.4 Grassroots Institutions
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): Local governance, 3Fs — Functions, Funds, Functionaries.
SHGs, NGOs, Civil Society: Mobilization, social empowerment, rural development.
Government Schemes (Objectives, Beneficiaries, Ministries)
2.1 Poverty Alleviation & Employment
MGNREGA – 100 days wage employment; MoRD.
NRLM – Strengthening SHGs; MoRD.
PMKVY – Skill development for youth; MSDE.
2.2 Health & Nutrition
Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) – ₹5 lakh health cover; MoHFW.
NHM – Strengthening health systems.
Mission Indradhanush – Universal immunization.
Poshan Abhiyaan – Nutrition management; MWCD.
PMMVY – Maternity benefits.
2.3 Education
Samagra Shiksha – Integrated school education.
PM Poshan (Mid-Day Meal) – School meals.
NEP 2020 initiatives: STARS Project, DIKSHA, NIPUN Bharat.
2.4 Vulnerable Sections
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao – Girl child welfare.
Mission Vatsalya – Child protection.
Schemes for SCs, STs, Minorities & Elderly.
2.5 Financial Inclusion & Social Security
PMJDY – Financial inclusion.
APY – Pension for unorganized sector.
PMSBY, PMJJBY – Insurance schemes.
2.6 Agriculture & Rural Development
PM-KISAN – Income support to farmers.
PMKSY – Irrigation reforms.
PMFBY – Crop insurance.
Soil Health Card, e-NAM.
2.7 Infrastructure & Economy
PM Awas Yojana – Housing (Urban + Rural).
Swachh Bharat Mission – Sanitation.
Jal Jeevan Mission – Tap water supply.
PM SVANidhi – Support for street vendors.
PM Gati Shakti – Multimodal infrastructure.
2.8 Technology & Governance
DBT – Direct transfer of benefits.
e-Governance – Transparency & efficiency.
eGramSwaraj – Panchayat digitalization.