Economic and Social Development
1.1 Economic Growth and Development
Concepts of economic growth vs. economic development, GDP, GNP, NNP, GVA, Human Development Index (HDI), Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), India’s global index rankings.
1.2 Poverty, Inclusion & Demographics
Measurement of poverty (Tendulkar, Rangarajan Committees), causes, MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, PMJDY, MUDRA, financial inclusion, demographic trends & census data.
1.3 Social Sector Initiatives
Schemes related to health, education, sanitation, nutrition, and employment; flagship programs improving human development outcomes.
Planning, Policy & Structure
2.1 Economic Planning in India
Pre-independence plans (Bombay Plan), Planning Commission, NDC, Five-Year Plans, transition to NITI Aayog and national development strategies.
2.2 Fiscal Policy and Budget
Budget components (revenue/capital), types of deficits (fiscal, revenue, primary), direct/indirect taxes, GST structure, public debt, FRBM Act.
2.3 Monetary Policy & Banking
Role of RBI, Repo, Reverse Repo, CRR, SLR, MSF; types of inflation (WPI, CPI), banking structure, financial markets, NPAs, regulatory framework.
Sectoral & International Aspects
3.1 Sectors of the Economy
Agriculture (MSP, PDS, subsidies, irrigation, cropping patterns, land reforms), industry (MSMEs, Make in India, SEZs, disinvestment), services sector challenges.