Population and Settlement Geography
1.1 Demographics
Population growth trends, distribution patterns, density, sex ratio, literacy, age structure, working population; Census 2011 focus for India.
1.2 Migration
Internal & international migration; push–pull factors; economic, social, environmental impacts; migration streams in India.
1.3 Settlements
Characteristics of rural and urban settlements; patterns (linear, nucleated, dispersed); factors influencing settlement location.
1.4 Urbanisation
Urban growth and megacities; issues like congestion, pollution, slums; urban planning; initiatives such as Smart Cities Mission.
Economic Geography
2.1 Resources
Distribution of minerals, energy resources, water resources, forests; resource availability and development patterns globally & in India.
2.2 Agriculture
Types of agriculture (subsistence, commercial, plantation); major crops & their conditions; agricultural revolutions; irrigation methods; key government schemes.
2.3 Industries
Factors influencing industrial location; iron & steel, textile, automobile, IT industries; industrial belts in India and globally.
2.4 Economic Activities
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary & quinary sectors; economic transition; service sector growth.
2.5 Transport and Trade
Road, rail, air, and water transport systems; global trade patterns; India’s trade routes and export–import structure.
Human–Environment Interaction & Contemporary Issues
3.1 Human Development
Growth vs development; human development indicators; HDI; inequalities in development; quality of life factors.
3.2 Environmental Issues
Environmental degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, air & water pollution, deforestation; conservation and sustainable development.
3.3 Disaster Management
Earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis, floods, droughts, landslides; vulnerability assessment; mitigation and preparedness measures.